NİPAH virüs hurmada...

Nipah virüs. 

Kaynatılmamış Hurma özü (şıra) ve
Enfekte yarasalar tarafından ısırılmış hurmada Nipah virüsü bulunabilir.

Gelen mailler üzerine bu yazıyı güncelledim. Burada amaç doğru bilgilendirmedir. Bu konudaki  bilimsel çalışmalar en altta sıralanmıştır.  

2018 de Hindistandaki  virüs salgınına aşağıdaki adresten ulaşabilirsiniz.
https://www.who.int/csr/don/07-august-2018-nipah-virus-india/en/


Ayrıca aşağıdaki sayfadan Dünya sağlık örgütünün son bilgilerine ulaşılabilir. 

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus

Hurma ve hurma şırası Dünyada çok tüketilmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü yarasalar tarafından ısırılmış, zedelenmiş hurmaların yenmemesi ve hurma şıralarının iyice kaynatılmasını önermektedir.  Hurmaların kabuklarının soyularak tüketilmesi tavsiye edilmektedir.

Nipah virüsün 2001-2018 arasındaki Bengaldeş ve Hindistandaki salgın resmi sonuçları:
Morbidity and mortality due to Nipah or Nipah-like virus encephalitis in WHO South-East Asia Region, 2001-2018

  

Nipah virüsü Malezyanın Nipah bölgesinde bir salgınla başlamıştır. Güneydoğu asyada Nipah virüsünden  bir salgında 300 ölüm rapor edilmiştir. Singapur, Malezya, Hindistan ve Bengladeş ten gelen bilgilere göre bu virüsün hurmaya ve hurma özüne meyve yarasalarının salgı ve idrarı aracılığıyla geçtiği belirlenmiştir. Son bilgilere göre enfekte insandan aile yakınlarına bulaşabildiği belirtilmiştir.

Dünya sağlık örgütünün verilerine göre Nipah virüsünün etki alanı Singapur, Malezya, Hindistan, Bengladeş olup, bunu yayan meyve yarasalarının buralardan irana, güney Arabistan, Türkiyenin güneyi ve afrikada yayılmış olduğu haritalanmıştır.

Bu virüs beyin ve akciğer  hücrelerinde ödem oluşturmakta ve %40-75 öldürücü olmaktadır.  Nipah enfeksiyonu beyin enfeksiyonu (ensefalit) yapar.   Enfeksiyon 5 ila 14 günde vücutta belirtiler gösterir.  Belirtiler ateş, başağrısı ve halsizlikle başlar. Oryantasyon bozukluğu ve mental konfüzyon eklendiğinde 24-48 saat içinde hasta komaya girebilir. Hastalarda ciddi akciğer ödemi  ve nörolojik bulgularda  eşlik edebilir.    

Sağ kalan hastalarda kalıcı rahatsızlıklar gözlenmiştir. Bunların başında kalıcı konvülsiyon (havale) ve kişilik değişiklikleri gözlenmiştir.

Latent (Gizli) enfeksiyonların aylar veya yıllar sonra ortaya çıkma ihtimali belirtilmiştir.

Nipah virüsü için tedavi yoktur, bilim adamları Bu yeni virüs için aşı ve ilaç denemeleri yapmaktadır.

Bilim adamları Nipah virüsüne yakalananların idrar ve tükürüklerindede virüsün olduğunu bu şekilde insandan insana bulaşıcı olduğunu Dünya Sağlık Örgütü sayfalarında açıkladılar.

Bengaldeşte hurma üreticileri hurma ağaçlarını örterek bu yarasaların hurmalara yaklaşmasını engellemeye çalışıyorlar.

Nipah virüsü yarasa, insan, domuz, at, keçi, kedi ve köpek aracılığıyla hızla yayılabiliyor. 

Amerikan sağlık Enstitüsü (NIH) nin enfeksiyonla mücadele bölümü (NIAID) 14mart 2014 yani bu hafta  yaptığı açıklamada bu virüsün hurma ve hurma özü içeren şuruplarla insana geçebildiği ve insandan insana kan, tükrük ve idrar ile bulaşabildiğini açıkladı.

Peki biz ne yapmalıyız? Bu virüsten nasıl uzak durmalıyız?

Öncelikle bu virüsün  hurma ve hurma şurubu ürünlerle bulaşabileceğini bilmeliyiz.

Zedelenmiş hurmalarda virüsle bulaşık  olma ihtimali olduğundan bunları tüketmemek gerekir.  Hurmanın kabuğunu soyarak yemek daha doğru olacaktır.
Hurma şuruplarının iyice kaynatılması virüs riskini azaltmaktadır.

 Nipah virüsü (NiV),  Paramyxoviridae ailesi, Henipavirus cinsindendir.
insandan insana, yarasalar tarafından ısırılmış hurmadan ve kaynatılmamış hurma şuruplarından geçebilen bu virüsü laboratuvarda teşhisini yapmak mümkün.

Teşhis PCR testleri, virüs izolasyonu, antijen ve nükleik asit tayiniyle yapılabilir. RT-PCR testleriyle ile hızlı teşhis yapılabilir.

Aşağıda geniş kaynaklara ulaşabileceğiniz adresler sıralanmıştır:

WHO – Dünya Sağlık Örgütü: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/nipah/en/

Amerikan Ulusal Sağlık  Enstitüsü – Hastalık kontrol ve Önleme Merkezi:

https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/nipah/index.html

Iowa Üniversitesi:

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/nipah.pdf

Wikipedia,:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henipavirus

Bu konuda bugüne kadar yapılan yayınlar:

İnternet kaynakları:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Manual on the Diagnosis of Nipah Virus Infection in Animals. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC449E/AC449E00 .htm The Merck Veterinary Manual http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.html WHO Emergencies preparedness, response : Nipah Virus http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/nipah_viru s/en/ World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) http://www.oie.int OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals http://www.oie.int/international-standardsetting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/ OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code http://www.oie.int/international-standardsetting/terrestrial-code/access-online/

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